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This is Info file gcc.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from the input file ./gcc.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * gcc: (gcc). The GNU Compiler Collection. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents the use and the internals of the GNU compiler. Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Funding for Free Software" are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "GNU General Public License" and "Funding for Free Software", and this permission notice, may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. File: gcc.info, Node: Storage Layout, Next: Type Layout, Prev: Run-time Target, Up: Target Macros Storage Layout ============== Note that the definitions of the macros in this table which are sizes or alignments measured in bits do not need to be constant. They can be C expressions that refer to static variables, such as the `target_flags'. *Note Run-time Target::. `BITS_BIG_ENDIAN' Define this macro to have the value 1 if the most significant bit in a byte has the lowest number; otherwise define it to have the value zero. This means that bit-field instructions count from the most significant bit. If the machine has no bit-field instructions, then this must still be defined, but it doesn't matter which value it is defined to. This macro need not be a constant. This macro does not affect the way structure fields are packed into bytes or words; that is controlled by `BYTES_BIG_ENDIAN'. `BYTES_BIG_ENDIAN' Define this macro to have the value 1 if the most significant byte in a word has the lowest number. This macro need not be a constant. `WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' Define this macro to have the value 1 if, in a multiword object, the most significant word has the lowest number. This applies to both memory locations and registers; GNU CC fundamentally assumes that the order of words in memory is the same as the order in registers. This macro need not be a constant. `LIBGCC2_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' Define this macro if WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN is not constant. This must be a constant value with the same meaning as WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN, which will be used only when compiling libgcc2.c. Typically the value will be set based on preprocessor defines. `FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' Define this macro to have the value 1 if `DFmode', `XFmode' or `TFmode' floating point numbers are stored in memory with the word containing the sign bit at the lowest address; otherwise define it to have the value 0. This macro need not be a constant. You need not define this macro if the ordering is the same as for multi-word integers. `BITS_PER_UNIT' Define this macro to be the number of bits in an addressable storage unit (byte); normally 8. `BITS_PER_WORD' Number of bits in a word; normally 32. `MAX_BITS_PER_WORD' Maximum number of bits in a word. If this is undefined, the default is `BITS_PER_WORD'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the largest value that `BITS_PER_WORD' can have at run-time. `UNITS_PER_WORD' Number of storage units in a word; normally 4. `MIN_UNITS_PER_WORD' Minimum number of units in a word. If this is undefined, the default is `UNITS_PER_WORD'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the smallest value that `UNITS_PER_WORD' can have at run-time. `POINTER_SIZE' Width of a pointer, in bits. You must specify a value no wider than the width of `Pmode'. If it is not equal to the width of `Pmode', you must define `POINTERS_EXTEND_UNSIGNED'. `POINTERS_EXTEND_UNSIGNED' A C expression whose value is nonzero if pointers that need to be extended from being `POINTER_SIZE' bits wide to `Pmode' are to be zero-extended and zero if they are to be sign-extended. You need not define this macro if the `POINTER_SIZE' is equal to the width of `Pmode'. `PROMOTE_MODE (M, UNSIGNEDP, TYPE)' A macro to update M and UNSIGNEDP when an object whose type is TYPE and which has the specified mode and signedness is to be stored in a register. This macro is only called when TYPE is a scalar type. On most RISC machines, which only have operations that operate on a full register, define this macro to set M to `word_mode' if M is an integer mode narrower than `BITS_PER_WORD'. In most cases, only integer modes should be widened because wider-precision floating-point operations are usually more expensive than their narrower counterparts. For most machines, the macro definition does not change UNSIGNEDP. However, some machines, have instructions that preferentially handle either signed or unsigned quantities of certain modes. For example, on the DEC Alpha, 32-bit loads from memory and 32-bit add instructions sign-extend the result to 64 bits. On such machines, set UNSIGNEDP according to which kind of extension is more efficient. Do not define this macro if it would never modify M. `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_ARGS' Define this macro if the promotion described by `PROMOTE_MODE' should also be done for outgoing function arguments. `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_RETURN' Define this macro if the promotion described by `PROMOTE_MODE' should also be done for the return value of functions. If this macro is defined, `FUNCTION_VALUE' must perform the same promotions done by `PROMOTE_MODE'. `PROMOTE_FOR_CALL_ONLY' Define this macro if the promotion described by `PROMOTE_MODE' should *only* be performed for outgoing function arguments or function return values, as specified by `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_ARGS' and `PROMOTE_FUNCTION_RETURN', respectively. `PARM_BOUNDARY' Normal alignment required for function parameters on the stack, in bits. All stack parameters receive at least this much alignment regardless of data type. On most machines, this is the same as the size of an integer. `STACK_BOUNDARY' Define this macro if there is a guaranteed alignment for the stack pointer on this machine. The definition is a C expression for the desired alignment (measured in bits). This value is used as a default if PREFERRED_STACK_BOUNDARY is not defined. `PREFERRED_STACK_BOUNDARY' Define this macro if you wish to preserve a certain alignment for the stack pointer. The definition is a C expression for the desired alignment (measured in bits). If STACK_BOUNDARY is also defined, this macro must evaluate to a value equal to or larger than STACK_BOUNDARY. If `PUSH_ROUNDING' is not defined, the stack will always be aligned to the specified boundary. If `PUSH_ROUNDING' is defined and specifies a less strict alignment than `PREFERRED_STACK_BOUNDARY', the stack may be momentarily unaligned while pushing arguments. `FUNCTION_BOUNDARY' Alignment required for a function entry point, in bits. `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' Biggest alignment that any data type can require on this machine, in bits. `MINIMUM_ATOMIC_ALIGNMENT' If defined, the smallest alignment, in bits, that can be given to an object that can be referenced in one operation, without disturbing any nearby object. Normally, this is `BITS_PER_UNIT', but may be larger on machines that don't have byte or half-word store operations. `BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT' Biggest alignment that any structure field can require on this machine, in bits. If defined, this overrides `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' for structure fields only. `ADJUST_FIELD_ALIGN (FIELD, COMPUTED)' An expression for the alignment of a structure field FIELD if the alignment computed in the usual way is COMPUTED. GNU CC uses this value instead of the value in `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' or `BIGGEST_FIELD_ALIGNMENT', if defined, for structure fields only. `MAX_OFILE_ALIGNMENT' Biggest alignment supported by the object file format of this machine. Use this macro to limit the alignment which can be specified using the `__attribute__ ((aligned (N)))' construct. If not defined, the default value is `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT'. `DATA_ALIGNMENT (TYPE, BASIC-ALIGN)' If defined, a C expression to compute the alignment for a variables in the static store. TYPE is the data type, and BASIC-ALIGN is the alignment that the object would ordinarily have. The value of this macro is used instead of that alignment to align the object. If this macro is not defined, then BASIC-ALIGN is used. One use of this macro is to increase alignment of medium-size data to make it all fit in fewer cache lines. Another is to cause character arrays to be word-aligned so that `strcpy' calls that copy constants to character arrays can be done inline. `CONSTANT_ALIGNMENT (CONSTANT, BASIC-ALIGN)' If defined, a C expression to compute the alignment given to a constant that is being placed in memory. CONSTANT is the constant and BASIC-ALIGN is the alignment that the object would ordinarily have. The value of this macro is used instead of that alignment to align the object. If this macro is not defined, then BASIC-ALIGN is used. The typical use of this macro is to increase alignment for string constants to be word aligned so that `strcpy' calls that copy constants can be done inline. `LOCAL_ALIGNMENT (TYPE, BASIC-ALIGN)' If defined, a C expression to compute the alignment for a variables in the local store. TYPE is the data type, and BASIC-ALIGN is the alignment that the object would ordinarily have. The value of this macro is used instead of that alignment to align the object. If this macro is not defined, then BASIC-ALIGN is used. One use of this macro is to increase alignment of medium-size data to make it all fit in fewer cache lines. `EMPTY_FIELD_BOUNDARY' Alignment in bits to be given to a structure bit field that follows an empty field such as `int : 0;'. Note that `PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS' also affects the alignment that results from an empty field. `STRUCTURE_SIZE_BOUNDARY' Number of bits which any structure or union's size must be a multiple of. Each structure or union's size is rounded up to a multiple of this. If you do not define this macro, the default is the same as `BITS_PER_UNIT'. `STRICT_ALIGNMENT' Define this macro to be the value 1 if instructions will fail to work if given data not on the nominal alignment. If instructions will merely go slower in that case, define this macro as 0. `PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS' Define this if you wish to imitate the way many other C compilers handle alignment of bitfields and the structures that contain them. The behavior is that the type written for a bitfield (`int', `short', or other integer type) imposes an alignment for the entire structure, as if the structure really did contain an ordinary field of that type. In addition, the bitfield is placed within the structure so that it would fit within such a field, not crossing a boundary for it. Thus, on most machines, a bitfield whose type is written as `int' would not cross a four-byte boundary, and would force four-byte alignment for the whole structure. (The alignment used may not be four bytes; it is controlled by the other alignment parameters.) If the macro is defined, its definition should be a C expression; a nonzero value for the expression enables this behavior. Note that if this macro is not defined, or its value is zero, some bitfields may cross more than one alignment boundary. The compiler can support such references if there are `insv', `extv', and `extzv' insns that can directly reference memory. The other known way of making bitfields work is to define `STRUCTURE_SIZE_BOUNDARY' as large as `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT'. Then every structure can be accessed with fullwords. Unless the machine has bitfield instructions or you define `STRUCTURE_SIZE_BOUNDARY' that way, you must define `PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS' to have a nonzero value. If your aim is to make GNU CC use the same conventions for laying out bitfields as are used by another compiler, here is how to investigate what the other compiler does. Compile and run this program: struct foo1 { char x; char :0; char y; }; struct foo2 { char x; int :0; char y; }; main () { printf ("Size of foo1 is %d\n", sizeof (struct foo1)); printf ("Size of foo2 is %d\n", sizeof (struct foo2)); exit (0); } If this prints 2 and 5, then the compiler's behavior is what you would get from `PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS'. `BITFIELD_NBYTES_LIMITED' Like PCC_BITFIELD_TYPE_MATTERS except that its effect is limited to aligning a bitfield within the structure. `ROUND_TYPE_SIZE (TYPE, COMPUTED, SPECIFIED)' Define this macro as an expression for the overall size of a type (given by TYPE as a tree node) when the size computed in the usual way is COMPUTED and the alignment is SPECIFIED. The default is to round COMPUTED up to a multiple of SPECIFIED. `ROUND_TYPE_ALIGN (TYPE, COMPUTED, SPECIFIED)' Define this macro as an expression for the alignment of a type (given by TYPE as a tree node) if the alignment computed in the usual way is COMPUTED and the alignment explicitly specified was SPECIFIED. The default is to use SPECIFIED if it is larger; otherwise, use the smaller of COMPUTED and `BIGGEST_ALIGNMENT' `MAX_FIXED_MODE_SIZE' An integer expression for the size in bits of the largest integer machine mode that should actually be used. All integer machine modes of this size or smaller can be used for structures and unions with the appropriate sizes. If this macro is undefined, `GET_MODE_BITSIZE (DImode)' is assumed. `STACK_SAVEAREA_MODE (SAVE_LEVEL)' If defined, an expression of type `enum machine_mode' that specifies the mode of the save area operand of a `save_stack_LEVEL' named pattern (*note Standard Names::.). SAVE_LEVEL is one of `SAVE_BLOCK', `SAVE_FUNCTION', or `SAVE_NONLOCAL' and selects which of the three named patterns is having its mode specified. You need not define this macro if it always returns `Pmode'. You would most commonly define this macro if the `save_stack_LEVEL' patterns need to support both a 32- and a 64-bit mode. `STACK_SIZE_MODE' If defined, an expression of type `enum machine_mode' that specifies the mode of the size increment operand of an `allocate_stack' named pattern (*note Standard Names::.). You need not define this macro if it always returns `word_mode'. You would most commonly define this macro if the `allocate_stack' pattern needs to support both a 32- and a 64-bit mode. `CHECK_FLOAT_VALUE (MODE, VALUE, OVERFLOW)' A C statement to validate the value VALUE (of type `double') for mode MODE. This means that you check whether VALUE fits within the possible range of values for mode MODE on this target machine. The mode MODE is always a mode of class `MODE_FLOAT'. OVERFLOW is nonzero if the value is already known to be out of range. If VALUE is not valid or if OVERFLOW is nonzero, you should set OVERFLOW to 1 and then assign some valid value to VALUE. Allowing an invalid value to go through the compiler can produce incorrect assembler code which may even cause Unix assemblers to crash. This macro need not be defined if there is no work for it to do. `TARGET_FLOAT_FORMAT' A code distinguishing the floating point format of the target machine. There are three defined values: `IEEE_FLOAT_FORMAT' This code indicates IEEE floating point. It is the default; there is no need to define this macro when the format is IEEE. `VAX_FLOAT_FORMAT' This code indicates the peculiar format used on the Vax. `UNKNOWN_FLOAT_FORMAT' This code indicates any other format. The value of this macro is compared with `HOST_FLOAT_FORMAT' (*note Config::.) to determine whether the target machine has the same format as the host machine. If any other formats are actually in use on supported machines, new codes should be defined for them. The ordering of the component words of floating point values stored in memory is controlled by `FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' for the target machine and `HOST_FLOAT_WORDS_BIG_ENDIAN' for the host. `DEFAULT_VTABLE_THUNKS' GNU CC supports two ways of implementing C++ vtables: traditional or with so-called "thunks". The flag `-fvtable-thunk' chooses between them. Define this macro to be a C expression for the default value of that flag. If `DEFAULT_VTABLE_THUNKS' is 0, GNU CC uses the traditional implementation by default. The "thunk" implementation is more efficient (especially if you have provided an implementation of `ASM_OUTPUT_MI_THUNK', see *Note Function Entry::.), but is not binary compatible with code compiled using the traditional implementation. If you are writing a new ports, define `DEFAULT_VTABLE_THUNKS' to 1. If you do not define this macro, the default for `-fvtable-thunk' is 0. File: gcc.info, Node: Type Layout, Next: Registers, Prev: Storage Layout, Up: Target Macros Layout of Source Language Data Types ==================================== These macros define the sizes and other characteristics of the standard basic data types used in programs being compiled. Unlike the macros in the previous section, these apply to specific features of C and related languages, rather than to fundamental aspects of storage layout. `INT_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `int' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one word. `MAX_INT_TYPE_SIZE' Maximum number for the size in bits of the type `int' on the target machine. If this is undefined, the default is `INT_TYPE_SIZE'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the largest value that `INT_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is used in `cpp'. `SHORT_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `short' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is half a word. (If this would be less than one storage unit, it is rounded up to one unit.) `LONG_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `long' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one word. `MAX_LONG_TYPE_SIZE' Maximum number for the size in bits of the type `long' on the target machine. If this is undefined, the default is `LONG_TYPE_SIZE'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the largest value that `LONG_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is used in `cpp'. `LONG_LONG_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `long long' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is two words. If you want to support GNU Ada on your machine, the value of macro must be at least 64. `CHAR_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `char' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one quarter of a word. (If this would be less than one storage unit, it is rounded up to one unit.) `MAX_CHAR_TYPE_SIZE' Maximum number for the size in bits of the type `char' on the target machine. If this is undefined, the default is `CHAR_TYPE_SIZE'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the largest value that `CHAR_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is used in `cpp'. `FLOAT_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `float' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is one word. `DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `double' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is two words. `LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the type `long double' on the target machine. If you don't define this, the default is two words. `WIDEST_HARDWARE_FP_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the widest floating-point format supported by the hardware. If you define this macro, you must specify a value less than or equal to the value of `LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE'. If you do not define this macro, the value of `LONG_DOUBLE_TYPE_SIZE' is the default. `DEFAULT_SIGNED_CHAR' An expression whose value is 1 or 0, according to whether the type `char' should be signed or unsigned by default. The user can always override this default with the options `-fsigned-char' and `-funsigned-char'. `DEFAULT_SHORT_ENUMS' A C expression to determine whether to give an `enum' type only as many bytes as it takes to represent the range of possible values of that type. A nonzero value means to do that; a zero value means all `enum' types should be allocated like `int'. If you don't define the macro, the default is 0. `SIZE_TYPE' A C expression for a string describing the name of the data type to use for size values. The typedef name `size_t' is defined using the contents of the string. The string can contain more than one keyword. If so, separate them with spaces, and write first any length keyword, then `unsigned' if appropriate, and finally `int'. The string must exactly match one of the data type names defined in the function `init_decl_processing' in the file `c-decl.c'. You may not omit `int' or change the order--that would cause the compiler to crash on startup. If you don't define this macro, the default is `"long unsigned int"'. `PTRDIFF_TYPE' A C expression for a string describing the name of the data type to use for the result of subtracting two pointers. The typedef name `ptrdiff_t' is defined using the contents of the string. See `SIZE_TYPE' above for more information. If you don't define this macro, the default is `"long int"'. `WCHAR_TYPE' A C expression for a string describing the name of the data type to use for wide characters. The typedef name `wchar_t' is defined using the contents of the string. See `SIZE_TYPE' above for more information. If you don't define this macro, the default is `"int"'. `WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE' A C expression for the size in bits of the data type for wide characters. This is used in `cpp', which cannot make use of `WCHAR_TYPE'. `MAX_WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE' Maximum number for the size in bits of the data type for wide characters. If this is undefined, the default is `WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE'. Otherwise, it is the constant value that is the largest value that `WCHAR_TYPE_SIZE' can have at run-time. This is used in `cpp'. `OBJC_INT_SELECTORS' Define this macro if the type of Objective C selectors should be `int'. If this macro is not defined, then selectors should have the type `struct objc_selector *'. `OBJC_SELECTORS_WITHOUT_LABELS' Define this macro if the compiler can group all the selectors together into a vector and use just one label at the beginning of the vector. Otherwise, the compiler must give each selector its own assembler label. On certain machines, it is important to have a separate label for each selector because this enables the linker to eliminate duplicate selectors. `TARGET_BELL' A C constant expression for the integer value for escape sequence `\a'. `TARGET_BS' `TARGET_TAB' `TARGET_NEWLINE' C constant expressions for the integer values for escape sequences `\b', `\t' and `\n'. `TARGET_VT' `TARGET_FF' `TARGET_CR' C constant expressions for the integer values for escape sequences `\v', `\f' and `\r'. File: gcc.info, Node: Registers, Next: Register Classes, Prev: Type Layout, Up: Target Macros Register Usage ============== This section explains how to describe what registers the target machine has, and how (in general) they can be used. The description of which registers a specific instruction can use is done with register classes; see *Note Register Classes::.. For information on using registers to access a stack frame, see *Note Frame Registers::.. For passing values in registers, see *Note Register Arguments::.. For returning values in registers, see *Note Scalar Return::.. * Menu: * Register Basics:: Number and kinds of registers. * Allocation Order:: Order in which registers are allocated. * Values in Registers:: What kinds of values each reg can hold. * Leaf Functions:: Renumbering registers for leaf functions. * Stack Registers:: Handling a register stack such as 80387. * Obsolete Register Macros:: Macros formerly used for the 80387. File: gcc.info, Node: Register Basics, Next: Allocation Order, Up: Registers Basic Characteristics of Registers ---------------------------------- Registers have various characteristics. `FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER' Number of hardware registers known to the compiler. They receive numbers 0 through `FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER-1'; thus, the first pseudo register's number really is assigned the number `FIRST_PSEUDO_REGISTER'. `FIXED_REGISTERS' An initializer that says which registers are used for fixed purposes all throughout the compiled code and are therefore not available for general allocation. These would include the stack pointer, the frame pointer (except on machines where that can be used as a general register when no frame pointer is needed), the program counter on machines where that is considered one of the addressable registers, and any other numbered register with a standard use. This information is expressed as a sequence of numbers, separated by commas and surrounded by braces. The Nth number is 1 if register N is fixed, 0 otherwise. The table initialized from this macro, and the table initialized by the following one, may be overridden at run time either automatically, by the actions of the macro `CONDITIONAL_REGISTER_USAGE', or by the user with the command options `-ffixed-REG', `-fcall-used-REG' and `-fcall-saved-REG'. `CALL_USED_REGISTERS' Like `FIXED_REGISTERS' but has 1 for each register that is clobbered (in general) by function calls as well as for fixed registers. This macro therefore identifies the registers that are not available for general allocation of values that must live across function calls. If a register has 0 in `CALL_USED_REGISTERS', the compiler automatically saves it on function entry and restores it on function exit, if the register is used within the function. `HARD_REGNO_CALL_PART_CLOBBERED (REGNO, MODE)' A C expression that is non-zero if it is not permissible to store a value of mode MODE in hard register number REGNO across a call without some part of it being clobbered. For most machines this macro need not be defined. It is only required for machines that do not preserve the entire contents of a register across a call. `CONDITIONAL_REGISTER_USAGE' Zero or more C statements that may conditionally modify four variables `fixed_regs', `call_used_regs', `global_regs' (these three are of type `char []') and `reg_class_contents' (of type `HARD_REG_SET'). Before the macro is called `fixed_regs', `call_used_regs' and `reg_class_contents' have been initialized from `FIXED_REGISTERS', `CALL_USED_REGISTERS' and `REG_CLASS_CONTENTS', respectively, `global_regs' has been cleared, and any `-ffixed-REG', `-fcall-used-REG' and `-fcall-saved-REG' command options have been applied. This is necessary in case the fixed or call-clobbered registers depend on target flags. You need not define this macro if it has no work to do. If the usage of an entire class of registers depends on the target flags, you may indicate this to GCC by using this macro to modify `fixed_regs' and `call_used_regs' to 1 for each of the registers in the classes which should not be used by GCC. Also define the macro `REG_CLASS_FROM_LETTER' to return `NO_REGS' if it is called with a letter for a class that shouldn't be used. (However, if this class is not included in `GENERAL_REGS' and all of the insn patterns whose constraints permit this class are controlled by target switches, then GCC will automatically avoid using these registers when the target switches are opposed to them.) `NON_SAVING_SETJMP' If this macro is defined and has a nonzero value, it means that `setjmp' and related functions fail to save the registers, or that `longjmp' fails to restore them. To compensate, the compiler avoids putting variables in registers in functions that use `setjmp'. `INCOMING_REGNO (OUT)' Define this macro if the target machine has register windows. This C expression returns the register number as seen by the called function corresponding to the register number OUT as seen by the calling function. Return OUT if register number OUT is not an outbound register. `OUTGOING_REGNO (IN)' Define this macro if the target machine has register windows. This C expression returns the register number as seen by the calling function corresponding to the register number IN as seen by the called function. Return IN if register number IN is not an inbound register. File: gcc.info, Node: Allocation Order, Next: Values in Registers, Prev: Register Basics, Up: Registers Order of Allocation of Registers -------------------------------- Registers are allocated in order. `REG_ALLOC_ORDER' If defined, an initializer for a vector of integers, containing the numbers of hard registers in the order in which GNU CC should prefer to use them (from most preferred to least). If this macro is not defined, registers are used lowest numbered first (all else being equal). One use of this macro is on machines where the highest numbered registers must always be saved and the save-multiple-registers instruction supports only sequences of consecutive registers. On such machines, define `REG_ALLOC_ORDER' to be an initializer that lists the highest numbered allocable register first. `ORDER_REGS_FOR_LOCAL_ALLOC' A C statement (sans semicolon) to choose the order in which to allocate hard registers for pseudo-registers local to a basic block. Store the desired register order in the array `reg_alloc_order'. Element 0 should be the register to allocate first; element 1, the next register; and so on. The macro body should not assume anything about the contents of `reg_alloc_order' before execution of the macro. On most machines, it is not necessary to define this macro. File: gcc.info, Node: Values in Registers, Next: Leaf Functions, Prev: Allocation Order, Up: Registers How Values Fit in Registers --------------------------- This section discusses the macros that describe which kinds of values (specifically, which machine modes) each register can hold, and how many consecutive registers are needed for a given mode. `HARD_REGNO_NREGS (REGNO, MODE)' A C expression for the number of consecutive hard registers, starting at register number REGNO, required to hold a value of mode MODE. On a machine where all registers are exactly one word, a suitable definition of this macro is #define HARD_REGNO_NREGS(REGNO, MODE) \ ((GET_MODE_SIZE (MODE) + UNITS_PER_WORD - 1) \ / UNITS_PER_WORD)) `ALTER_HARD_SUBREG (TGT_MODE, WORD, SRC_MODE, REGNO)' A C expression that returns an adjusted hard register number for (subreg:TGT_MODE (reg:SRC_MODE REGNO) WORD) This may be needed if the target machine has mixed sized big-endian registers, like Sparc v9. `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (REGNO, MODE)' A C expression that is nonzero if it is permissible to store a value of mode MODE in hard register number REGNO (or in several registers starting with that one). For a machine where all registers are equivalent, a suitable definition is #define HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK(REGNO, MODE) 1 You need not include code to check for the numbers of fixed registers, because the allocation mechanism considers them to be always occupied. On some machines, double-precision values must be kept in even/odd register pairs. You can implement that by defining this macro to reject odd register numbers for such modes. The minimum requirement for a mode to be OK in a register is that the `movMODE' instruction pattern support moves between the register and other hard register in the same class and that moving a value into the register and back out not alter it. Since the same instruction used to move `word_mode' will work for all narrower integer modes, it is not necessary on any machine for `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' to distinguish between these modes, provided you define patterns `movhi', etc., to take advantage of this. This is useful because of the interaction between `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' and `MODES_TIEABLE_P'; it is very desirable for all integer modes to be tieable. Many machines have special registers for floating point arithmetic. Often people assume that floating point machine modes are allowed only in floating point registers. This is not true. Any registers that can hold integers can safely *hold* a floating point machine mode, whether or not floating arithmetic can be done on it in those registers. Integer move instructions can be used to move the values. On some machines, though, the converse is true: fixed-point machine modes may not go in floating registers. This is true if the floating registers normalize any value stored in them, because storing a non-floating value there would garble it. In this case, `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK' should reject fixed-point machine modes in floating registers. But if the floating registers do not automatically normalize, if you can store any bit pattern in one and retrieve it unchanged without a trap, then any machine mode may go in a floating register, so you can define this macro to say so. The primary significance of special floating registers is rather that they are the registers acceptable in floating point arithmetic instructions. However, this is of no concern to `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK'. You handle it by writing the proper constraints for those instructions. On some machines, the floating registers are especially slow to access, so that it is better to store a value in a stack frame than in such a register if floating point arithmetic is not being done. As long as the floating registers are not in class `GENERAL_REGS', they will not be used unless some pattern's constraint asks for one. `MODES_TIEABLE_P (MODE1, MODE2)' A C expression that is nonzero if a value of mode MODE1 is accessible in mode MODE2 without copying. If `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (R, MODE1)' and `HARD_REGNO_MODE_OK (R, MODE2)' are always the same for any R, then `MODES_TIEABLE_P (MODE1, MODE2)' should be nonzero. If they differ for any R, you should define this macro to return zero unless some other mechanism ensures the accessibility of the value in a narrower mode. You should define this macro to return nonzero in as many cases as possible since doing so will allow GNU CC to perform better register allocation. `AVOID_CCMODE_COPIES' Define this macro if the compiler should avoid copies to/from `CCmode' registers. You should only define this macro if support fo copying to/from `CCmode' is incomplete. File: gcc.info, Node: Leaf Functions, Next: Stack Registers, Prev: Values in Registers, Up: Registers Handling Leaf Functions ----------------------- On some machines, a leaf function (i.e., one which makes no calls) can run more efficiently if it does not make its own register window. Often this means it is required to receive its arguments in the registers where they are passed by the caller, instead of the registers where they would normally arrive. The special treatment for leaf functions generally applies only when other conditions are met; for example, often they may use only those registers for its own variables and temporaries. We use the term "leaf function" to mean a function that is suitable for this special handling, so that functions with no calls are not necessarily "leaf functions". GNU CC assigns register numbers before it knows whether the function is suitable for leaf function treatment. So it needs to renumber the registers in order to output a leaf function. The following macros accomplish this. `LEAF_REGISTERS' A C initializer for a vector, indexed by hard register number, which contains 1 for a register that is allowable in a candidate for leaf function treatment. If leaf function treatment involves renumbering the registers, then the registers marked here should be the ones before renumbering--those that GNU CC would ordinarily allocate. The registers which will actually be used in the assembler code, after renumbering, should not be marked with 1 in this vector. Define this macro only if the target machine offers a way to optimize the treatment of leaf functions. `LEAF_REG_REMAP (REGNO)' A C expression whose value is the register number to which REGNO should be renumbered, when a function is treated as a leaf function. If REGNO is a register number which should not appear in a leaf function before renumbering, then the expression should yield -1, which will cause the compiler to abort. Define this macro only if the target machine offers a way to optimize the treatment of leaf functions, and registers need to be renumbered to do this. Normally, `FUNCTION_PROLOGUE' and `FUNCTION_EPILOGUE' must treat leaf functions specially. They can test the C variable `current_function_is_leaf' which is nonzero for leaf functions. `current_function_is_leaf' is set prior to local register allocation and is valid for the remaining compiler passes. They can also test the C variable `current_function_uses_only_leaf_regs' which is nonzero for leaf functions which only use leaf registers. `current_function_uses_only_leaf_regs' is valid after reload and is only useful if `LEAF_REGISTERS' is defined. File: gcc.info, Node: Stack Registers, Next: Obsolete Register Macros, Prev: Leaf Functions, Up: Registers Registers That Form a Stack --------------------------- There are special features to handle computers where some of the "registers" form a stack, as in the 80387 coprocessor for the 80386. Stack registers are normally written by pushing onto the stack, and are numbered relative to the top of the stack. Currently, GNU CC can only handle one group of stack-like registers, and they must be consecutively numbered. `STACK_REGS' Define this if the machine has any stack-like registers. `FIRST_STACK_REG' The number of the first stack-like register. This one is the top of the stack. `LAST_STACK_REG' The number of the last stack-like register. This one is the bottom of the stack. File: gcc.info, Node: Obsolete Register Macros, Prev: Stack Registers, Up: Registers Obsolete Macros for Controlling Register Usage ---------------------------------------------- These features do not work very well. They exist because they used to be required to generate correct code for the 80387 coprocessor of the 80386. They are no longer used by that machine description and may be removed in a later version of the compiler. Don't use them! `OVERLAPPING_REGNO_P (REGNO)' If defined, this is a C expression whose value is nonzero if hard register number REGNO is an overlapping register. This means a hard register which overlaps a hard register with a different number. (Such overlap is undesirable, but occasionally it allows a machine to be supported which otherwise could not be.) This macro must return nonzero for *all* the registers which overlap each other. GNU CC can use an overlapping register only in certain limited ways. It can be used for allocation within a basic block, and may be spilled for reloading; that is all. If this macro is not defined, it means that none of the hard registers overlap each other. This is the usual situation. `INSN_CLOBBERS_REGNO_P (INSN, REGNO)' If defined, this is a C expression whose value should be nonzero if the insn INSN has the effect of mysteriously clobbering the contents of hard register number REGNO. By "mysterious" we mean that the insn's RTL expression doesn't describe such an effect. If this macro is not defined, it means that no insn clobbers registers mysteriously. This is the usual situation; all else being equal, it is best for the RTL expression to show all the activity.